Predicting a consumer selection preference based on estimated preference and environmental dependence

ABSTRACT

An information processing apparatus includes a history acquisition section configured to acquire history data including a history indicating that a plurality of selection subjects have selected selection objects; a learning processing section configured to allow a choice model to learn a preference of each selection subject for a feature and an environmental dependence of selection of each selection object in each selection environment using the history data, where the choice model uses a feature value possessed by each selection object, the preference of each selection subject for the feature, and the environmental dependence indicative of ease of selection of each selection object in each of a plurality of selection environments to calculate a selectability with which each of the plurality of selection subjects selects each selection object; and an output section configured to output results of learning by the learning processing section.

FOREIGN PRIORITY

This application claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No.2014-168585, filed Aug. 21, 2014, and all the benefits accruingtherefrom under 35 U.S.C. §119, the contents of which in its entiretyare herein incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

The present invention relates to an information processing apparatus, aninformation processing method, and a program.

As a method for predicting what a selection subject (e.g., a consumer)selects from among multiple options (e.g., multiple commercialproducts), there is known conjoint analysis using a logit model asdescribed in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Publication Nos.2013-109470, 2005-316756, 2001-175761, 2011-65504, 2006-85558, and O.Chapelle and Z. Harchaoui, “A Machine Learning Approach to ConjointAnalysis,” Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 17, L. K.Saul, Y. Weiss, and L. Bottou, Eds., 2005, pp. 257-264. In this method,the features of options are vectorized to perform a logistic regressionanalysis of the preference vector of a targeted person on the featuresof options and an actually selected option in order to build aprediction model for estimating a preference of the selection subject topredict a selection object that the selection subject will select in thefuture.

Here, since the conjoint analysis using a conventional logit model isbased on the premise of a situation in which an option matching apreference is selected from among options recognized by a selectionsubject, the options recognized by the selection subject need to bespecified explicitly in learning data. However, in normal learning datasuch as purchase data, only a commercial product selected by a consumeris recorded without recording with which commercial product the consumerhas compared the commercial product to select the commercial product,and this cannot lead to the prediction of a selection object afterconsidering the options recognized by the selection subject.

Further, the consideration of the options by the selection subject maybe influenced by an environment at the time of selection, such as thecognitive bias and/or a point-of-sale situation, as well as the featuresof and preferences to the options. However, in the conjoint analysisusing the conventional logit model, such an influence of the environmentat the time of selection is not considered, and this makes it difficultto estimate a precise preference of the selection subject by excludingthe influence of the environment.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, an information processing apparatus includes a historyacquisition section configured to acquire history data including ahistory indicating that a plurality of selection subjects have selectedselection objects; a learning processing section configured to allow achoice model to learn a preference of each selection subject for afeature and an environmental dependence of selection of each selectionobject in each selection environment using the history data, where thechoice model uses a feature value possessed by each selection object,the preference of each selection subject for the feature, and theenvironmental dependence indicative of ease of selection of eachselection object in each of a plurality of selection environments tocalculate a selectability with which each of the plurality of selectionsubjects selects each selection object; and an output section configuredto output results of learning by the learning processing section.

In another aspect, an information processing method executed by acomputer includes acquiring a feature value for a feature possessed byeach of a plurality of selection objects; acquiring history dataincluding a history indicating that a plurality of selection subjectshave selected selection objects; learning processing by allowing achoice model to learn a preference of each selection subject for afeature and an environmental dependence of selection of each selectionobject in each selection environment using the history data, where thechoice model uses a feature value for each selection object, thepreference of each selection subject for the feature, and theenvironmental dependence indicative of ease of selection of eachselection object in each of a plurality of selection environments tocalculate a selectability with which each of the plurality of selectionsubjects selects each selection object; and outputting learning resultsobtained in the learning processing.

In another aspect, a nontransitory, computer readable storage mediumhaving computer readable instructions stored thereon that, when executedby a computer, implement a method, including acquiring a feature valuefor a feature possessed by each of a plurality of selection objects;acquiring history data including a history indicating that a pluralityof selection subjects have selected selection objects; learningprocessing by allowing a choice model to learn a preference of eachselection subject for a feature and an environmental dependence ofselection of each selection object in each selection environment usingthe history data, where the choice model uses a feature value for eachselection object, the preference of each selection subject for thefeature, and the environmental dependence indicative of ease ofselection of each selection object in each of a plurality of selectionenvironments to calculate a selectability with which each of theplurality of selection subjects selects each selection object; andoutputting learning results obtained in the learning processing.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an example of a choice model built by an informationprocessing apparatus of an embodiment.

FIG. 2 shows an example of a display of commercial products in thechoice model of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of the information processing apparatus ofthe embodiment.

FIG. 4 shows a flow of learning processing performed by the informationprocessing apparatus of the embodiment.

FIG. 5 shows a flow of simulation performed by the informationprocessing apparatus of the embodiment.

FIG. 6 shows an outline of a hierarchical Bayesian model used inlearning processing of the embodiment.

FIG. 7 shows an example of a specific learning algorithm of theembodiment.

FIG. 8 shows an example of the effects of the information processingapparatus of the embodiment.

FIG. 9 shows the example of the effects of the information processingapparatus of the embodiment.

FIG. 10 shows an example of the hardware configuration of a computer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In view of the above, embodiments of the present invention solve theproblems in the conjoint analysis using the conventional logit model.

In a first aspect of the present invention, there are provided aninformation processing apparatus, an information processing method usingthe apparatus, and a program used in the apparatus. The informationprocessing apparatus includes: a history acquisition section foracquiring history data including a history indicating that multipleselection subjects have selected selection objects; a learningprocessing section for allowing a choice model to learn a preference ofeach selection subject for the features and an environmental dependenceof the selection of each selection object in each selection environmentusing the history data, where the choice model uses a feature valuepossessed by each selection object, the preference of each selectionsubject for features, and the environmental dependence indicative ofease of selection of each selection object in each of multiple selectionenvironments to calculate a selectability with which each of multipleselection subjects selects each selection object; and an output sectionfor outputting the results of learning by the learning processingsection.

It should be noted that the above summary of the invention does notrecite all features of the present invention, and sub combinations ofthese feature groups can also be inventions.

While the present invention will be described below with reference to anembodiment, the following embodiment is not intended to limit theinventions according to the appended claims, and all the combinations ofthe features described in the embodiment are not necessarily essentialto the means for solving the problems in the present invention.

FIG. 1 shows an example of a choice model built by an informationprocessing apparatus 10 of the embodiment. Here, description will bemade by taking, as an example, a case where a consumer as a selectionsubject selects one from among commercial product A, commercial productB, commercial product C, and commercial product D as selection objects.The consumer selects one commercial product based on the environmentaldependence and the preference of the consumer for each commercialproduct.

The environmental dependence indicates the ease of selection of eachselection object in each of selection environments, respectively,resulting from the form of presentation of the selection object to theselection subject in the selection environment and/or the cognitivebiases of the selection subject (such as decoy effect, anchoring effect,and confirmation bias), i.e., a parameter that bears no immediaterelationship to the features of the selection object itself. In theexample of FIG. 1, the consumer recognizes, as options, the commercialproduct A, the commercial product B, and the commercial product C, whichare high in environmental dependence, from among the commercial productA, the commercial product B, the commercial product C, and thecommercial product D, and among them, the consumer eventually purchasesthe commercial product B high in the degree of matching with thepreference of the consumer.

FIG. 2 shows an example of a display of commercial products in thechoice model of FIG. 1. For example, when the commercial product D isdisplayed inconspicuously compared with the other commercial products Ato C, the consumer may recognize only the commercial products A to C asoptions among the commercial products A to D. As an example, as shown inFIG. 2, when the commercial product D is displayed at the end of a shelfseparately and away from the other commercial products while many of theother commercial products A to C are displayed all over the shelves, theconsumer may not recognize the commercial product D as an option becauseof being less exposed than the other commercial products. In such acase, the environmental dependence of the commercial product D in theselection environment becomes low.

The information processing apparatus 10 of the embodiment incorporates afactor, which pertains to the environment at the time of selection andis not directly dependent on such features of the selection object, intothe choice model as an environmental dependence. Here, when the unit ofopportunity for the selection subject to select one selection object iscalled a selection opportunity, the information processing apparatus 10sets an environmental dependence for each selection opportunity on theassumption that an independent selection environment exists at eachselection opportunity.

FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of the information processing apparatus 10according to the embodiment. The information processing apparatus 10generates a choice model for estimating a preference for a feature ofthe selection object and an environmental dependence on the selectionenvironment from a history indicating that the selection subject hasselected the selection object to simulate future choice of the selectionobject based on the choice model. The information processing apparatus10 includes a feature value acquiring section 110, a history acquisitionsection 120, a learning processing section 150, a condition acquisitionsection 170, a simulation section 180, and an output section 190.

The feature value acquiring section 110 acquires feature data includinga feature value for a feature possessed by each of multiple selectionobjects. For example, when the selection objects are commercialproducts, the feature value acquiring section 110 acquires, from anexternal or internal database 20 of the information processing apparatus10, a feature vector having, as respective elements, multiple featurevalues corresponding to multiple features (such as size, color, andprice) of a commercial product. The feature value acquiring section 110provides the acquired feature data to the learning processing section150.

The history acquisition section 120 acquires history data including ahistory, indicating that the selection subject has selected theselection object, from the external or internal database 20 of theinformation processing apparatus 10. For example, when the selectionobject is a commercial product, the history acquisition section 120acquires a purchase history including records of the commercial productpurchased by multiple consumers. The history acquisition section 120provides the acquired history data to the learning processing section150.

The learning processing section 150 allows a choice model to learn apreference of each selection subject for features and an environmentaldependence of the selection of each selection object in a selectionenvironment for each selection opportunity using the history data, wherethe choice model uses one or more feature values respectivelycorresponding to one or more features of each selection object possessedby each selection object, the preference of each selection subject forthe features, and the environmental dependence of each selection objectin each of multiple selection environments to calculate a selectabilitywith which each of multiple selection subjects selects each selectionobject. For example, the learning processing section 150 allows alearning model to learn the preference for each selection object and theenvironmental dependence for each selection opportunity by Bayesianestimation. The learning processing section 150 provides the learningresults to the simulation section 180 and the output section 190.

The condition acquisition section 170 acquires, from a user of theinformation processing apparatus 10, simulation conditions necessary toperform simulation of a choice model. For example, when a choice modelin which a consumer selects and purchases a commercial product issimulated, the condition acquisition section 170 acquires feature dataon the commercial product as a selection object of the consumer. Thecondition acquisition section 170 provides the acquired simulationconditions to the simulation section 180.

Based on the preference and the environmental dependence obtained as aresult of learning by the learning processing section 150, and thesimulation conditions acquired from the condition acquisition section170, the simulation section 180 performs a simulation based on thechoice model in which the selection subject selects the selectionobject. For example, the simulation section 180 performs a simulation ofhow the consumer having a predetermined preference selects thecommercial product. The simulation section 180 provides simulationresult data to the output section 190.

The output section 190 outputs the learning results by the learningprocessing section 150 and/or the simulation results by the simulationsection 180. For example, the output section 190 may display, on adisplay of the information processing apparatus 10, the preference andthe environmental dependence obtained by learning and/or the simulationresults, the result of the commercial product purchased by the consumer,and the like.

Thus, based not only on the preference for the selection object but alsoon the environmental dependence on the selection environment, theinformation processing apparatus 10 builds a choice model for aselection subject to make a selection. This enables the informationprocessing apparatus 10 to consider, in the choice model, theenvironment in which the selection was made and the influence of anelement that bears no immediate relationship to the features of theselection object such as cognitive bias in order to make a more preciseestimate of the preference of the selection subject for the selectionobject. Further, the information processing apparatus 10 can simulate astate of the selection subject to make a selection more precisely basedon the estimated preference and environmental dependence.

FIG. 4 shows a flow of learning processing by the information processingapparatus 10 of the embodiment. In the embodiment, a choice model whenan individual consumer selects a commercial product will be mainlydescribed, but the application of the information processing apparatus10 is not limited thereto. For example, the information processingapparatus 10 models, as a choice model, a state in which a selectionsubject(s) capable of making a decision, such as an individual, anorganization, a robot and/or an animal, to select a commercial product,a service, an object of an action, and/or an object of acquisition as aselection object(s).

In the embodiment, the information processing apparatus 10 performsprocessing from S110 to S140 to build a choice model.

First, in S110, the feature value acquiring section 110 acquires, asfeature data, a feature vector u^((k|kεK)) indicative of multiplefeature values corresponding to multiple features of each of K selectionobjects (where K is an integer of two or more). For example, for eachcommercial product k as a selection object, the feature value acquiringsection 110 acquires, from the database 20, feature data including afeature vector u^((k)) having, as respective elements, feature valuesobtained by quantifying the features of the commercial product (as anexample, size, color, price, performance, manufacturer, and type). Thefeature value acquiring section 110 provides the acquired feature datato the learning processing section 150.

Next, in S120, the history acquisition section 120 acquires history dataincluding a history indicating that one or two or more selectionsubjects has selected a selection object in each of multiple selectionenvironments corresponding to multiple selection opportunities. Forexample, the history acquisition section 120 acquires, as a history,that the m-th (mεM) selection subject selected the k_(n) ^(m)-thelection object at the n-th (nεN) selection opportunity.

The selection opportunity may be common to the multiple selectionsubjects. When the selection of commercial products is taken forexample, the history acquisition section 120 may acquire, as a historyof the first selection opportunity (n=1), a purchase history including acommercial product k₁ ¹ purchased by the first consumer in a departmentA of a department store ZZ in the first week of XX month, a commercialproduct k₁ ² purchased by the second consumer in the same department ofthe same store during the same period, . . . , a commercial product k₁^(M) purchased by the M-th consumer in the same department of the samestore on the same day. Thus, when the learning processing section 150estimates an environmental dependence on each selection environmentcorresponding to each selection opportunity later, an environmentaldependence common to multiple selection subjects can be obtained.

Note that, when one selection subject selects multiple selection objectsat the same time, each of the multiple selection objects may be set tobe at one purchase opportunity, respectively. For example, when thefirst consumer purchased two commercial products at the department storeZZ in the first week of XX month, the history acquisition section 120may acquire, as a history, two pieces of data corresponding to twocommercial products as a commercial product k₁ ¹.

Instead of this, when one selection subject selects multiple selectionobjects at the same time, the multiple selection objects may be set tobe at different purchase opportunities, respectively. For example, whenthe first consumer purchased two commercial products at the departmentstore ZZ in the first week of XX month, the history acquisition section120 may acquire, as a history, a commercial product k₁ ¹ and acommercial product k₂ ¹. The history acquisition section 120 providesthe acquired history data to the learning processing section 150.

Next, in S130, the learning processing section 150 builds a choice modelfor calculating a selectability, with which each of multiple selectionsubjects selects each selection object, using the feature values of eachselection object, the preference of each selection subject, and theenvironmental dependence, and allows the choice model to learn thepreference of each selection subject for the features and theenvironmental dependence of each selection object in each selectionenvironment using the feature data and the history data.

For example, the learning processing section 150 allows the choice modelto learn a preference vector w^((m)) including, as each element, apreference of each selection subject m for each of the multiplefeatures, and an environmental dependence of each selection objectcommon to the multiple selection subjects in each selection environmentcorresponding to each selection opportunity n. The learning processingsection 150 may allow the choice model to learn a feature vector u^((k))of each selection object k in addition to the preference vector and theenvironmental dependence based on the learning data without taking thefeature vector as given.

In learning the environmental dependence, the learning processingsection 150 may learn an environment-dependent vector v^((n)) including,as an element, an environmental dependence v_(n,k) of the selection ofeach selection object k in a selection environment at a selectionopportunity n. Thus, the learning processing section 150 estimates theease of selection of each selection object in a selection environmentprovided at each selection opportunity.

The learning processing section 150 may also learn an environmentaldependence v_(n,k) common to all the selection subjects. Instead ofthis, the learning processing section 150 may learn an environmentaldependence v_(n,k) common to each group of selection subjects. Forexample, the learning processing section 150 may learn an environmentaldependence v_(n,k) common to each group of multiple selection subjectssharing attributes. As an example, the learning processing section 150may learn the environmental dependence v_(n,k) for each group ofmultiple selection subjects grouped by gender, age group, address,and/or occupation. Thus, for example, when a commercial product k′ isdisplayed to make it easy for men to recognize it as a purchase optionbut not easy for women to recognize it as a purchase option in adepartment corresponding to a selection opportunity n′, the learningprocessing section 150 can increase the value of an environmentaldependence v^(m1) _(n′,k′) for men and decrease the value of anenvironmental dependence v^(fm) _(n′,k′) for women to model a cognitivegender difference.

The learning processing section 150 may learn a logit model in which anenvironmental dependence of each selection object is added to the degreeof matching between the features of the selection object and thepreference of each selection subject. Specifically, as shown in Equation1 below, the learning processing section 150 learns a choice model forcalculating a selectability p(k|w^((m)), v^((n))), with which eachselection subject m selects each selection object k in each selectionenvironment provided at a selection opportunity n, based on the productof a feature of vector u^((k)) or the selection object and a preferencevector w^((m)) of the selection subject, and an element v_(n,k)corresponding to the selection object k in an environment-dependentvector v^((n)) corresponding to the selection environment.

$\begin{matrix}{{p\left( {\left. k \middle| w^{(m)} \right.,v^{(n)}} \right)} \equiv \frac{\exp \left( {{w^{{(m)}T}u^{(k)}} + v_{n,k}} \right)}{\sum\limits_{ \in L}{\exp \left( {{w^{{(m)}T}u^{()}} + v_{n,}} \right)}}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 1}\end{matrix}$

In this learning processing, the learning processing section 150 maycalculate a posterior probability distribution of the preference of eachselection subject for the features and a posterior probabilitydistribution of the environmental dependence of the selection of eachselection object in each selection environment. For example, thelearning processing section 150 may perform a Bayesian estimation basedon a Markov chain Monte Carlo method (MCMC) such as Gibbs sampling or aMetropolis-Hastings method to calculate the posterior probabilitydistributions of the preference and the environmental dependence.Instead of this, the learning processing section 150 may use a maximum aposteriori probability (MAP) estimation or maximum-likelihood method toestimate the value of the preference of each selection subject for afeature and the value of the environmental dependence in each selectionenvironment. A specific algorithm for learning by the learningprocessing section 150 will be described later.

The learning processing section 150 provides the learning results to theoutput section 190. For example, the learning processing section 150provides, to the simulation section 180 and/or the output section 190,the preference value and the value of the environmental dependenceobtained as a result of learning, or these posterior probabilitydistributions. As an example, the learning processing section 150 mayprovide, to the simulation section 180 and/or the output section 190,learning results including sampled values based on the posteriorprobability distributions and/or the mean/variance/median of theposterior probability distributions.

Next, in S140, the output section 190 may display, on the display of theinformation processing apparatus 10, the posterior probabilitydistributions of the preference and the environmental dependenceincluded in the learning results.

FIG. 5 shows a flow of simulation by the information processingapparatus 10 of the embodiment. In the embodiment, the informationprocessing apparatus 10 performs processing S210 to S230 to performsimulation based on a choice model.

First, in S210, the condition acquisition section 170 acquires, from theuser of the information processing apparatus 10, simulation conditionsnecessary to perform the simulation of a choice model. For example, thecondition acquisition section 170 acquires feature data including afeature vector u^((k)) for multiple selection objects. As an example,when a choice model for a consumer to select and purchase a commercialproduct is simulated, the condition acquisition section 170 acquiresfeature data including the feature vector u^((k)) of all commercialproducts as purchase objects of the consumer.

The condition acquisition section 170 may also acquire selectionenvironment information on a selection environment in which theselection is made. For example, when a choice model for a consumerselects and purchases a commercial product is simulated, the conditionacquisition section 170 acquires, as the selection environmentinformation, information on the sales period of the commercial product,the sales spot of the commercial product and/or a display method of thecommercial product, and the like. The condition acquisition section 170provides the acquired simulation conditions to the simulation section180.

Next, in S220, the simulation section 180 performs a simulation based onthe results of learning by the learning processing section 150. Forexample, the simulation section 180 uses the feature vector u^((k))acquired from the condition acquisition section 170, and the preferencevector w^((m)) of the selection subject and the environment-dependentvector v^((n)) corresponding to the selection environment acquired fromthe learning processing section 150 to simulate a choice model for theselection subject m to select the selection object k at the selectionopportunity n with the selectability p(k|w^((m)), v^((n))) based onEquation 1.

Here, the simulation section 180 may set the environment-dependentvector v^((n)) based on the selection environment information. Forexample, a selection opportunity n=1 is assigned to a selectionenvironment for causing the selection subject (consumer) to select acommercial product in the department A of the department store ZZ in thefirst week of XX month, and a selection opportunity n=2 is assigned to aselection environment for causing the selection subject to select thecommercial product in a department B of the department store ZZ in thefirst week of XX month. In this case, the simulation section 180 mayassign v⁽¹⁾ as an environment-dependent vector corresponding to theselection environment for causing the selection of the commercialproduct in the department A of the department store ZZ in the first weekof XX month, and v⁽²⁾ as an environment-dependent vector correspondingto the selection environment for causing the selection of the commercialproduct in the department B of the same store during the same period.This enables the simulation section 180 to simulate a state in which theselection is made in the same environment as the environment in whichthe selection was made in the past (e.g., the environment of a specificdepartment during a specific period).

Further, when the preference vector w^((m)) and theenvironment-dependent vector v^((n)) are given as the probabilitydistributions from the learning processing section 150, the simulationsection 180 may use sample values, mean values, median values, or thelike from the probability distributions as the preference vector w^((m))and the environment-dependent vector v^((n)).

The simulation section 180 provides the results of performing thesimulation to the output section 190. For example, the simulationsection 180 provides, to the output section 190, simulated results dataincluding a selection object selected by each selection subject at eachselection opportunity.

Next, in S230, the output section 190 displays the simulated resultsdata. For example, the output section 190 may display, on the display ofthe information processing apparatus 10, a histogram or the like of theselection object selected as a result of the simulation.

Thus, the information processing apparatus 10 builds a choice modelincluding the environmental dependence on the environment in which theselection was made and solves this by the Bayesian estimation or thelike. This enables the information processing apparatus 10 to make amore precise estimate of the preference of each selection subject for aselection object in consideration of the influence of an element thatbears no immediate relationship to the environment in which theselection object is placed and the features of the selection object,such as the cognitive bias of the selection subject. Thus, for example,the information processing apparatus 10 can simulate an environment inwhich a consumer selects and purchase a commercial product moreprecisely according to the preference and the environment.

Referring here to FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, a specific example of learningprocessing in S130 of FIG. 4 will be described. For example, thelearning processing section 150 estimates the parameters of ahierarchical Bayesian model for generating posterior probabilitydistributions of the preference of a selection subject and theenvironmental dependence on a selection environment.

FIG. 6 shows an outline of the hierarchical Bayesian model used inlearning processing by the learning processing section 150 of theembodiment. As shown, the learning processing section 150 samples, forenvironment-dependent vectors v^((n)), mean μ_(v) and variance Σ_(v) ashyper-parameters from a non-informative conjugate prior distribution togenerate the environment-dependent vectors v^((n)) from the sampleshaving the mean μ_(v) and the variance Σ_(v) according to a Gaussianprior distribution. For nεN, the environment-dependent vectors v^((n))are independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.).

Further, the learning processing section 150 samples, for preferencevectors w^((m)), μ_(w) and Σ_(w) values as hyper-parameters from thenon-informative conjugate prior distribution to generate the preferencevectors w^((m)) according to a Gaussian prior distribution having thesampled μw and Σw values as mean μ_(w) and variance Σ_(w). For mεM, thepreference vectors w^((m)) are independent and identically distributed(i.i.d.).

Here, the learning processing section 150 learns the Gaussian priordistribution of the environment-dependent vectors v^((n)) and theGaussian prior distribution of the preference vectors w^((m)) so thathistory data D including selection objects k₁ ^((A)) to k₃ ^((A)),k_(1(B)) to k₃ ^((B)) . . . selected by each selection subject (A, B . .. ) at each selection opportunity (1, 2, 3 . . . ) will match the choicemodel. Using the Gaussian prior distributions, the learning processingsection 150 can improve calculation efficiency and guarantee favorablerobustness.

FIG. 7 shows a specific example of a learning algorithm using thehierarchical Bayesian model executed by the learning processing section150 of the embodiment. The learning processing section 150 may executeprocesses on the first to 15th lines of FIG. 7 to perform learningprocessing related to S130 in FIG. 4.

Note that in the figure, Σ_(m) indicates Σ_(mεM), Σ_(n) indicatesΣ_(nεN), Π_(m) indicates Π_(mεM), Π_(n) indicates Π_(nεN), w bar (a barover w in the figure, which is referred to as w_(tot) here) indicatesΣ_(m)w^((m))/M, v bar (a bar over v in the figure, which is referred toas v_(tot) here) indicates Σ_(n)v^((n))/N, and φ(Π•|μ, Σ) indicates theprobability density function of a multidimensional normal distribution(μ, Σ), where the mean is μ and the covariance is Σ.

First, the learning processing section 150 initializes v, w, μ_(v),Σ_(v), μ_(w), and Σ_(w) in the first line. For example, the learningprocessing section 150 may assign a predetermined initial value (e.g.,0) and/or a random value to each element of the environment-dependentvector v^((n)) and the preference vector w^((m)). Further, the learningprocessing section 150 may assign predetermined values (for example,μ_(v)=0, μ_(w)=0, Σ_(v)=1, and Σ_(w)=1) to μ_(v), Σv, μ_(w), and Σ_(w).

Next, the learning processing section 150 executes processes of a firstloop in the second to 15th lines. The learning processing section 150repeats the processes of the first loop until a predetermined conditionis met. As the predetermined condition for finishing the first-loopprocessing, the learning processing section 150 may use the fact thatthe loop processing is repeated predetermined number of times or thefact that the probability distributions of v^((n)) and w^((m)) to beoutput become a steady state.

On the third line in the first loop, the learning processing section 150samples μ_(v) from a multidimensional normal distribution, where themean is Σ_(n)v^((n))/|N| and the covariance is Σ_(v)/|N|, as anon-informative conjugate prior distribution.

Next, on the fourth line, the learning processing section 150 samplesΣ_(v) from an inverse Wishart distribution, where the scale is{|L|I+Σ_(n)(v^((n))−v_(tot))(v^((n))−v_(tot))^(T)}/(|L|+|N|) and thedegree of freedom is |L|+|N|, as a non-informative conjugate priordistribution. Here, L denotes a set of selection objects and I denotesan identify matrix.

Next, on the fifth line, the learning processing section 150 samplesμ_(w) from a multidimensional normal distribution, where the mean isΣ_(m)w^((m))/|M| and the covariance is Σ_(w)/|M|, as a non-informativeconjugate prior distribution.

Next, on the sixth line, the learning processing section 150 samplesΣ_(v) from an inverse Wishart distribution, where the scale is{|A|I+Σ_(m)(w^((m))−w_(tot))(w^((m))−w_(tot))^(T)}/(|A|+|M|) and thedegree of freedom is |A|+|M|, as a non-informative conjugate priordistribution. Here, A denotes a set of elements of the preference vectorand I denotes an identify matrix.

Thus, on the third to sixth lines, the learning processing section 150generates distribution parameters (μ_(v), Σ_(v), μ_(w), and Σ^(w)) ofthe prior distributions of a preference vector of each selection subjectand an environment-dependent vector in each selection environment.

Next, on the seventh to tenth lines, the learning processing section 150executes second-loop processes in the first loop. The learningprocessing section 150 samples v^((n)) forming a posterior probabilitydistribution on nεN by completing the second-loop processing.

First, on the eighth line in the second loop, the learning processingsection 150 generates sample candidates v•^((n)) for theenvironment-dependent vector in each selection environment from adistribution based on the distribution parameter Σ_(v) of the priordistribution of the environment-dependent vector and the sample v^((n))of the environment-dependent vector obtained in the previous first loop.For example, the learning processing section 150 samples v•^((n)) (a dotabove v in the figure) from a multidimensional normal distributionNormal (v^((n)), ρΣ_(v)), where the mean is v^((n)) and the covarianceis ρΣ_(v). In the initial firstloop processing, the initial valuedefined on the first line is given to v^((n)), and a value obtained inthe previous first-loop processing is given to v^((n)) in the secondround of the first-loop processing and beyond. Note that ρ is apredetermined parameter before the learning processing, which is 0.23,for example.

Next, on the ninth line, the learning processing section 150 determines,for each of the sample candidates v•^((n)) for the environment-dependentvector, whether the sample candidate v•^((n)) is selected as the nextsample of the environment-dependent vector, based on an occurrenceprobability of the sample candidate v•^((n)) for the prior distribution,and the likelihood of the sample candidate v•^((n)) for selection inhistory data and the environment-dependent vector of each selectionsubject.

Specifically, the learning processing section 150 calculates a dividedvalue obtained by dividing the product of a probability density φ(v•^((n))|μ_(v), Σ_(v)) of the occurrence of v•(n) from themultidimensional normal distribution where the mean is μ_(v) and thecovariance is Σ_(v) (that is, an occurrence probability density ofv•^((n)) in the prior probability distribution) and an infinite productΠ_(m)(k_(n) ^((m))|v•^((n)), w^((m))) of mεM of the probability ofselection of k_(n) ^((m)) indicated by the history data when v•^((n))and w^((m)) are set as conditions (that is, the likelihood of v•^((n)))by the product of a probability density φ(v^((n))|μ_(v), Σ_(v)) of theoccurrence of v^((n)) from the multidimensional normal distributionwhere the mean is μ_(v) and the covariance is Σ_(v) (that is, anoccurrence probability density of v^((n)) in the prior probabilitydistribution) and an infinite product Π_(m) (k_(n) ^((m))|v^((n)),w^((m))) of mεM of the probability of selection of k_(n) ^((m))indicated by the history data when v^((n)) and w^((m)) are set asconditions (that is, the likelihood of v^((n))). Then, the learningprocessing section 150 adopts, as new sample v^((n)), v•^((n)) sampledwith a lower probability between the divided value and 1.

Thus, the learning processing section 150 performs the second-loopprocessing on the eighth and ninth lines to sample a candidate v•^((n))for the next sample from the multidimensional normal distribution basedon the environment-dependent vector v^((n)) in each selectionenvironment obtained as a result of the previous first-loop processing,and adopt the v•^((n)) based on the prior distribution of theenvironment-dependent vector v^((n)) in each selection environment andthe likelihood of the environment-dependent vector v^((n)) in order togenerate and collect samples v^((n)) in the next round of the first loopfor the environment-dependent vector in each selection environment.

Next, on the eleventh to 14th lines, the learning processing section 150executes processes in a third loop following the second loop in thefirst loop. The learning processing section 150 samples w^((m)) forminga posterior probability distribution on mεM by completing the third-loopprocessing.

First, on the twelfth line in the third loop, the learning processingsection 150 generates a sample candidate w•^((m)) for the preferencevector in each selection environment from the distribution based on thedistribution parameter Σ_(w) of the prior distribution of the preferencevector and the sample w^((m)) obtained in the previous first loop forthe preference vector. For example, the learning processing section 150samples w•^((m)) (a dot above w in the figure) from a multidimensionalnormal distribution Normal (w^((m)), ρΣ_(w)) where the mean is w^((m))and the covariance is ρΣ_(w). In the initial firstloop processing, theinitial value defined on the first line is given to w^((m)), and a valueobtained in the previous first-loop processing is given to w^((m)) inthe second round of the first-loop processing and beyond.

Next, on the 13th line, the learning processing section 150 determines,for each of the sample candidates w•^((m)) for the preference vector,whether the sample candidate w•^((m)) is selected as the next sample ofthe preference vector, based on the occurrence probability of the samplecandidate w•^((m)) in the prior distribution, and the likelihood of thesample candidate w•^((m)) for selection in the history data and thepreference vector of each selection subject.

Specifically, the learning processing section 150 calculates a dividedvalue obtained by dividing the product of a probability densityφ(w•^((m))|μ_(w), Σ_(w)) of the occurrence of w•^((m)) from themultidimensional normal distribution where the mean is μ_(w) and thecovariance is Σ_(w) (that is, an occurrence probability density ofw•^((m)) in the prior probability distribution) and an infinite productΠ_(m)(k_(n) ^((m))|v^((n)), w•^((m))) of mεM of the probability ofselection of k_(n) ^((m)) indicated by the history data when v^((n)) andw•^((m)) are set as conditions (that is, the likelihood of w•^((m))) bythe product of a probability density φ(w^((m))|μ_(w), Σ_(w)) of theoccurrence of w^((m)) from a normal distribution where the mean is μ_(w)and the variance is Σ_(w) (that is, an occurrence probability density ofw^((m)) in the prior probability distribution) and an infinite productΠ_(m) (k_(n) ^((m))|v^((n)), w^((m))) of nεN of the probability ofselection of k_(n) ^((m)) indicated by the history data when v^((n)) andw^((m)) are set as conditions (that is, the likelihood of w^((m))).Then, the learning processing section 150 adopts, as new w^((m)),w•^((m)) sampled with a lower probability between the calculated dividedvalue and 1.

Therefore, the learning processing section 150 executes the third-loopprocesses on the twelfth and 13th lines to sample a candidate w•^((m))for the next sample from the multidimensional normal distribution basedon the preference vector w^((m)) in each selection environment obtainedas a result of the previous first-loop processing, and adopt thew•^((m)) based on the prior distribution of the preference vectorw^((m)) in each selection environment and the likelihood of thepreference vector w^((m)) in order to generate and collect samplesw^((m)) in the next round of the first loop for the preference vector ineach selection environment.

Thus, each of elements of the preference vector of each selectionsubject and the environment-dependent vector in each selectionenvironment is represented by the prior distribution, and the learningprocessing section 150 calculates the distribution parameters (μ_(v),Σ_(v), μ_(w), and Σ_(w)) of the prior distribution on each element ofthe preference vector w^((m)) of each selection subject and theenvironment-dependent vector v^((n)) in each selection environment bylearning based on Gibbs sampling in the processes of the third to sixthlines in the first loop.

Further, the learning processing section 150 performs sampling of theenvironment-dependent vector in each selection environment and thepreference vector of each selection subject from the multidimensionalnormal distributions dominated by the previous samples to calculate thedistributions of the environment-dependent vector v^((n)) in eachselection environment and the preference vector w^((m)) of eachselection subject based on the samples of the environment-dependentvector and the preference vector that occur multiple times. In otherwords, the learning processing section 150 performs learning based onthe Metropolis-Hastings algorithm on w^((m)) and v^((n)) in thesecond-loop and third-loop processing.

The learning processing section 150 outputs the distribution of thepreference vector w^((m)) on each selection subject m and thedistribution of the environment-dependent vector v^((n)) on eachselection opportunity n, which are finally obtained by collecting theadopted sample w•^((m)) and sample v•^((n)) after the first-loopprocessing, as respective posterior probability distributions. Thelearning processing section 150 may eliminate the influence of initialsamples by not collecting samples obtained in the first-loop processingpredetermined number of times after the start of the processing toexecute the processes in FIG. 7.

Next, description will be made regarding a case where the learningprocessing section 150 performs approximate MAP estimation instead ofthe hierarchical Bayesian model to perform the learning processing inS130.

In this case, the learning processing section 150 uses an objectivefunction based on the probability of selection in history data inresponse to the environment-dependent vector v^((n)) in each selectionenvironment and the preference vector w^((m)) of each selection subjectto calculate the environment-dependent vector v^((n)) in each selectionenvironment and the preference vector w^((m)) of each selection subject.

For example, the learning processing section 150 optimizes theenvironment-dependent vector v^((n)) and the preference vector w^((m))for history data including actually selected selection objects k_(n)^((m)) to maximize the posterior probability shown in Equation 2. Thefirst term of Equation 2 corresponds to the likelihood of theenvironment-dependent vector v^((n)) and the preference vector w^((m)),and the second term and the third term correspond to the priordistributions of the environment-dependent vector v^((n)) and thepreference vector w^((m)). The learning processing section 150 outputsthe optimized environment-dependent vector v^((n)) and preference vectorw^((m)) as the learning results.

$\begin{matrix}{{\sum\limits_{m \in \mathcal{M}}{\sum\limits_{n \in }{\log \; {p\left( {\left. k_{n}^{(m)} \middle| \upsilon^{(n)} \right.,w^{(m)}} \right)}}}} - {\lambda_{1}{\sum\limits_{m \in \mathcal{M}}{{w^{(m)} - \overset{\_}{w}}}^{2}}} - {\lambda_{2}{\sum\limits_{n \in }{{\upsilon^{(n)} - \overset{\_}{\upsilon}}}^{2}}}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 2}\end{matrix}$

FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 show an example of the effects of the informationprocessing apparatus 10 of the embodiment. The solid line in FIG. 8shows the learning results of the selection probability by the choicemodel including the environmental dependence achieved by the informationprocessing apparatus 10 of the embodiment using approximate MAPestimation. The dotted line shows the learning results of the selectionprobability using a conventional logit model that leaves theenvironmental dependence out of consideration.

The ordinate in the graphs of FIG. 8 shows the total sum of absoluteerrors between the probabilities of selection of a selection object by aselection subject estimated from test data and true selectionprobabilities used to generate the test data, and the abscissa shows themagnitude of influence of the environmental dependence in the choicemodel. The absolute error is expressed in Equation 3.

$\begin{matrix}{\sum\limits_{m \in \mathcal{M}}{\sum\limits_{n \in }{\sum\limits_{ \in \mathcal{L}}{{{p\left( {\left.  \middle| {\overset{\sim}{w}}^{(m)} \right.,{\overset{\sim}{v}}^{(n)}} \right)} - {p\left( {\left.  \middle| w^{(m)} \right.,\upsilon^{(n)}} \right)}}}}}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 3}\end{matrix}$

The four graphs in FIG. 8 show the results of absolute errors whenparameter β and parameter σ in the choice model are changed. Theparameter β indicates a degree to which the selection subject makes aselection dependently on w^((m)) and u^((m)), where the tendency of theselection subject to select a selection object more randomly increaseswhen the value is low. The parameter σ indicates the dispersiveness ofpreferences of selection subjects, where multiple selection subjectshave a variety of preference vectors when the value is high.

As shown in the four graphs of FIG. 8, it is found that the informationprocessing apparatus 10 of the embodiment estimates the selectionprobabilities more correctly with smaller absolute errors as a wholecompared to the method using the conventional logit model. Inparticular, it is shown that the information processing apparatus 10 ofthe embodiment can perform estimation more correctly compared to theconventional method as the influence of the environmental dependence inthe choice model increases (i.e., as the value on the abscissaincreases).

The graphs in FIG. 9 show the temporal effects of the learningprocessing performed by the information processing apparatus 10. Theabscissa is the same as in FIG. 8, and the ordinate shows the timerequired for the information processing apparatus 10 to perform thelearning processing. As shown in the graphs of FIG. 9, it is found thatthe processing time of the information processing apparatus 10 of theembodiment falls within a generally acceptable range compared to themethod using the conventional logit model, though the processing timeincreases a little.

Here, an information processing apparatus 10 according to a variation ofthe embodiment will be described. The information processing apparatus10 of the embodiment learns an environment-dependent vector v^((n))including the environmental dependence of each commercial product as anelement on the assumption of a situation where the selection environmentof the selection object at each selection opportunity is not known.However, when at least part of the selection environment is known, theinformation processing apparatus 10 according to the variation canperform learning in consideration of the selection environment.

For example, when a commercial product displayed in a department isknown, the learning processing section 150 can keep the environmentaldependence of a commercial product not on display at the selectionopportunity low (e.g., −∞) during learning. This enables the learningprocessing section 150 to perform learning by reflecting the knownsituation of the department.

FIG. 10 shows an example of the hardware configuration of a computer1900 functioning as the information processing apparatus 10. Thecomputer 1900 according to the embodiment includes: a CPU peripheralsection having a CPU 2000, a RAM 2020, a graphics controller 2075, and adisplay device 2080, which are interconnected by a host controller 2082;an I/O section having a communication interface 2030, a hard disk drive2040, and a CD-ROM drive 2060, which are connected to the hostcontroller 2082 through an I/O controller 2084; and a legacy I/O sectionhaving a ROM 2010, a flexible disk drive 2050, and an I/O chip 2070connected to the I/O controller 2084.

The host controller 2082 connects the RAM 2020 with the CPU 2000 and thegraphics controller 2075, which access the RAM 2020 at a high transferrate. The CPU 2000 operates based on programs stored in the ROM 2010 andthe RAM 2020 to control each section. The graphics controller 2075acquires image data generated on a frame buffer provided in the RAM 2020by the CPU 2000 or the like, and displays the image on the displaydevice 2080. Alternatively, the graphics controller 2075 may includetherein a frame buffer for storing image data generated by the CPU 2000or the like.

The I/O controller 2084 connects the host controller 2082 with thecommunication interface 2030, the hard disk drive 2040, and the CD-ROMdrive 2060 as relatively high-speed I/O units. The communicationinterface 2030 communicates with other apparatuses through a network bywire or radio. Further, the communication interface functions ashardware for performing communication. The hard disk drive 2040 storesprograms and data used by the CPU 2000 in the computer 1900. The CD-ROMdrive 2060 reads a program or data from a CD-ROM 2095 and provides theread program or data to the hard disk drive 2040 through the RAM 2020.

Also connected to the I/O controller 2084 are relatively low-speed I/Ounits, i.e., the ROM 2010, the flexible disk drive 2050, and the I/Ochip 2070. The ROM 2010 stores a boot program executed when the computer1900 starts, and/or programs depending on the hardware of the computer1900. The flexible disk drive 2050 reads a program or data from theflexible disk 2090, and provides the program or data to the hard diskdrive 2040 through the RAM 2020. The I/O chip 2070 connects not only theflexible disk drive 2050 to the I/O controller 2084, but also variousI/O devices to the I/O controller 2084 through a parallel port, a serialport, a keyboard port, and a mouse port, for example.

The program provided to the hard disk drive 2040 through the RAM 2020 isprovided by the user in a form of being stored on a recording medium,such as a flexible disk 2090, a CD-ROM 2095, or an IC card. The programis read from the recording medium, installed in the hard disk drive 2040within the computer 1900 through the RAM 2020, and executed by the CPU2000.

Programs installed on the computer 1900 to cause the computer 1900 tofunction as the information processing apparatus 10 includes a featurevalue acquiring module, a history acquisition module, a learningprocessing module, a condition acquisition module, a simulation module,and an output module. These programs or modules may work on the CPU 2000and the like to cause the computer 1900 to function as the feature valueacquiring section 110, the history acquisition section 120, the learningprocessing section 150, the condition acquisition section 170, thesimulation section 180, and the output section 190, respectively.

Information processes described in these programs are read into thecomputer 1900 to function as specific means implemented by software incorporation with the above-mentioned various hardware resources, i.e.,as the feature value acquiring section 110, the history acquisitionsection 120, the learning processing section 150, the conditionacquisition section 170, the simulation section 180, and the outputsection 190. Then, information is computed or processed by the specificmeans depending on the intended use of the computer 1900 in theembodiment to build a specific information processing apparatus 10according to the intended use.

As an example, when the computer 1900 communicates with an externaldevice or the like, the CPU 2000 executes a communication program loadedon the RAM 2020 to instruct the communication interface 2030 to performcommunication processing based on the processing content described inthe communication program. Under the control of the CPU 2000, thecommunication interface 2030 reads send data stored in a send bufferarea or the like provided in a storage device, such as the RAM 2020, thehard disk drive 2040, the flexible disk 2090, or the CD-ROM 2095, tosend the data to a network, or writes receive data received from thenetwork to a receive buffer area provided in the storage device. Thus,the communication interface 2030 may transfer data exchanged with thestorage device by the DMA (Direct Memory Access) method. Alternatively,the CPU 2000 may read data from the storage device or the communicationinterface 2030 as a source, and write the data to the communicationinterface 2030 or the storage device as a destination to transfer thesend/receive data.

Further, the CPU 2000 reads, into the RAM 2020, all or necessary partsfrom files or databases stored in an external storage device, such asthe hard disk drive 2040, the CD-ROM drive 2060 (CD-ROM 2095), or theflexible disk drive 2050 (flexible disk 2090) by means of DMA transferor the like to perform various processing on the data on the RAM 2020.Then, the CPU 2000 saves the processed data back to the external storagedevice by means of DMA transfer or the like. In such processing, the RAM2020 can be considered to temporarily holding the content of theexternal storage device. Therefore, in the embodiment, the RAM 2020, theexternal storage device, and the like are collectively referred to asthe memory, the storage section, the storage device, or the like. Forexample, the storage section of the information processing apparatus 10can store data received from/provided to the feature value acquiringsection 110, the history acquisition section 120, the learningprocessing section 150, the condition acquisition section 170, thesimulation section 180, and the output section 190 accordingly. Forexample, the storage section can receive and store data input from thefeature value acquiring section 110 or the history acquisition section120. Further, the storage section can store the results of learning bythe learning processing section 150.

Various programs and various kinds of information, such as data, tables,and databases, in the embodiment are stored in such a storage device astargets of information processing. Note that the CPU 2000 can also holdpart of the content of the RAM 2020 in a cache memory to perform readingand writing on the cache memory. Even in such a form, since the cachememory serves as part of the function of the RAM 2020, the cache memoryshall be included in the RAM 2020, the memory, and/or the storage devicein the embodiment unless otherwise denoted distinctively.

Further, the CPU 2000 performs various processing on the data read fromthe RAM 2020 as specified in a sequence of instructions of a programincluding various arithmetic operations, information processing,conditional determinations, and searching and replacing informationdescribed in the embodiment, and saves the processed data back to theRAM 2020. For example, when a conditional determination is made, the CPU2000 compares any of various variables shown in the embodiment with anyother variable or constant to determine whether it meets a condition,such as larger, smaller, not less than, not more than, or equal to, andwhen the condition is satisfied (or unsatisfied), the procedure branchesto a different sequence of instructions or calls a subroutine.

Further, the CPU 2000 can retrieve information stored in a file or adatabase in the storage device. For example, when two or more entriesare stored in the storage device in such a manner to associate theattribute value of a second attribute with the attribute value of afirst attribute, the CPU 2000 searches the two or more entries stored inthe storage device for an entry with the attribute value of the firstattribute matching with a specified condition to read the attributevalue of the second attribute stored in the entry so that the attributevalue of the second attribute associated with the first attribute thatmeets a predetermined condition can be obtained.

While the present invention has been described with reference to theembodiment, the technical scope of the present invention is not limitedto the description of the aforementioned embodiment. It will be obviousto those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications canbe added to the aforementioned embodiment. From the appended claims, itwill also be obvious that forms to which such changes or modificationsare added shall be included in the technical scope of the presentinvention.

Further, when multiple elements are recited in the description of theembodiment, any element other than the recited elements may also beused. For example, when it is described that X executes Y using A, B,and C, X may also execute Y using D in addition to A, B, and C.

The operations, the procedure, the steps, and the execution sequence ofprocesses such as stages in the apparatus, system, program, and methoddescribed in the appended claims and the specification, and shown in theaccompanying drawings are not particularly specified as “ahead of,”“prior to,” or the like. It should be noted that the operations and thelike can be carried out in any order unless output of the previousprocess is used in the subsequent process. In the appended claims, thespecification, and the operation flows in the drawings, “first,” “next,”and the like are used for convenience sake, but it does not mean that itis imperative to carry out the operations and the like in this order.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

-   -   10: information processing apparatus,    -   110: feature value acquiring section,    -   120: history acquisition section,    -   150: learning processing section,    -   170: condition acquisition section,    -   180: simulation section,    -   190: output section    -   1900: computer,    -   2000: CPU,    -   2010: ROM,    -   2020: RAM,    -   2030: communication interface,    -   2040: hard disk drive,    -   2050: flexible disk drive,    -   2060: CD-ROM drive,    -   2070: I/O chip,    -   2075: graphics controller,    -   2080: display device,    -   2082: host controller,    -   2084: I/O controller,    -   2090: flexible disk,    -   2095: CD-ROM

1. An information processing apparatus, comprising: a historyacquisition section configured to acquire history data including ahistory indicating that a plurality of selection subjects have selectedselection objects; a learning processing section configured to allow achoice model to learn a preference of each selection subject for afeature and an environmental dependence of selection of each selectionobject in each selection environment using the history data, where thechoice model uses a feature value possessed by each selection object,the preference of each selection subject for the feature, and theenvironmental dependence indicative of ease of selection of eachselection object in each of a plurality of selection environments tocalculate a selectability with which each of the plurality of selectionsubjects selects each selection object; and an output section configuredto output results of learning by the learning processing section.
 2. Theinformation processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the learningprocessing section further learns the feature value for the featurepossessed by each of a plurality of the selection objects in the choicemodel.
 3. The information processing apparatus of claim 1, furthercomprising a feature value acquiring section configured to acquire thefeature value for the feature possessed by each of a plurality of theselection objects.
 4. The information processing apparatus of claim 1,wherein: the history data includes a history indicating that at leastone selection subject has selected a selection object in each of theplurality of selection environments; and the learning processing sectionallows the choice model to learn, where the choice model uses theenvironmental dependence of each selection object common to theplurality of selection subjects in each selection environment.
 5. Theinformation processing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the learningprocessing section allows the choice model to learn, where the choicemodel uses a feature vector indicative of a plurality of feature valuescorresponding to a plurality of features of each selection object, apreference vector of each selection subject indicative of a preferencefor each of the plurality of features, and an environment-dependentvector for each selection environment indicative of an environmentaldependence of selection of each selection object.
 6. The informationprocessing apparatus of claim 5, wherein the learning processing sectionallows the choice model to learn, where the choice model calculates theselectability, with which each selection subject selects each selectionobject in each selection environment, based on a product of the featurevector of the selection object and the preference vector of theselection subject, and an element corresponding to the selection objectin the environment-dependent vector corresponding to the selectionenvironment.
 7. The information processing apparatus of claim 5,wherein: each of elements of the preference vector of each selectionsubject and the environment-dependent vector in each selectionenvironment is represented by a prior distribution; and the learningprocessing section calculates distribution parameters of the priordistribution on each of the elements of the preference vector of eachselection subject and the environment-dependent vector in each selectionenvironment by learning.
 8. The information processing apparatus ofclaim 7, wherein the learning processing section is configured to:generate distribution parameters of prior distributions of thepreference vector of each selection subject and theenvironment-dependent vector in each selection environment; generate anext sample of the environment-dependent vector in each selectionenvironment based on the prior distribution of the environment-dependentvector in each selection environment; generate a next sample of thepreference vector of each selection subject based on the priordistribution of the preference vector of each selection subject; andcalculate distributions of the environment-dependent vector in eachselection environment and the preference vector of each selectionsubject based on the samples of the environment-dependent vector in eachselection environment and the preference vector of each selectionsubject that occur multiple times.
 9. The information processingapparatus of claim 8, wherein the learning processing section isconfigured to: generate a sample candidate for the environment-dependentvector in each selection environment from a distribution based on thedistribution parameters of the prior distribution of theenvironment-dependent vector and a previous sample of theenvironment-dependent vector; and determine whether to select each ofsample candidates for the environment-dependent vector as a next sampleof the environment-dependent vector based on an occurrence probabilityof the sample candidate for the prior distribution, and a likelihood ofthe sample candidate for selection in the history data and thepreference vector of each selection subject.
 10. The informationprocessing apparatus of claim 8, wherein the learning processing sectionis configured to: generate a sample candidate for the preference vectorof each selection subject from a distribution based on the distributionparameters of the prior distribution of the preference vector and aprevious sample of the preference vector; and determine whether toselect each of sample candidates for the preference vector of eachselection subject as a next sample of the preference vector based on anoccurrence probability of the sample candidate for the priordistribution, and a likelihood of the environment-dependent vector ineach selection environment for selection in the history data and thesample candidate
 11. The information processing apparatus of claim 5,wherein the learning processing section calculates theenvironment-dependent vector in each selection environment and thepreference vector of each selection subject using an objective functionbased on a probability of selection in the history data in response tothe environment-dependent vector in each selection environment and thepreference vector of each selection subject. 12.-19. (canceled)
 20. Anontransitory, computer readable storage medium having computer readableinstructions stored thereon that, when executed by a computer, implementa method, comprising: acquiring a feature value for a feature possessedby each of a plurality of selection objects; acquiring history dataincluding a history indicating that a plurality of selection subjectshave selected selection objects; learning processing by allowing achoice model to learn a preference of each selection subject for afeature and an environmental dependence of selection of each selectionobject in each selection environment using the history data, where thechoice model uses a feature value for each selection object, thepreference of each selection subject for the feature, and theenvironmental dependence indicative of ease of selection of eachselection object in each of a plurality of selection environments tocalculate a selectability with which each of the plurality of selectionsubjects selects each selection object; and outputting learning resultsobtained in the learning processing.